ABSTRACT Introduction: In patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), stroke is a major complication that increases morbidity and mortality. The presence of carotid stenosis (CS) increases risk of stroke, and the optimal treatment remains uncertain due to the lack of randomized clinical trials. The aim of this study is to compare three management approaches to CS in patients submitted to CABG. Methods: From 2005 to 2015, 79 consecutive patients with significant CS submitted to CABG were retrospectively evaluated. Patients were divided in three groups, according to CS treatment: 17 underwent staged carotid endarterectomy (CEA)-CABG, 26 underwent synchronous CEA-CABG, and 36 underwent isolated CABG without carotid intervention. The primary outcomes were composed by 30-day postoperative acute myocardial infarction (MI), 30-day postoperative stroke, and death due to all causes during the follow-up. Results: Patients were evaluated during an average 2.05 years (95% confidence interval = 1.51-2.60) of follow-up. Major adverse cardiac events, including death, postoperative MI, and postoperative stroke, occurred in 76.5% of the staged group, 34.6% of the synchronous group, and 33.3% of the isolated CABG group (P=0.007). As for MI, the rates were 29.4%, 3.85%, and 11.1% (P=0.045), respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in total mortality rates (35.3%, 30.8%, and 25.0%, respectively; P=0,72) and stroke (29.4%, 7.7%, and 8.3%, respectively; P=0,064) between groups. Conclusion: Staged CEA-CABG is associated with higher major adverse cardiac events and MI rate when compared to the strategy of synchronous and isolated CABG, but without statistically difference in total mortality during the entire follow-up.

OBJETIVO: A desnutrição é marcadora independente de óbito na cardiomiopatia dilatada idiopática. Foi analisada a repercussão da introdução da L-carnitina nos parâmetros nutricionais e ecocardiográficos em crianças com cardiomiopatia dilatada idiopática. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo aberto de 11 crianças, comparadas com 40 controles, pareados para sexo e idade. Foi administrada L-carnitina oral (100 mg/kg/dia), além do tratamento padrão. Foram realizadas 118 pesagens no grupo L-carnitina e 264 nos controles, além de 65 ecocardiogramas no grupo L-carnitina e 144 nos controles. Análise estatística: qui-quadrado, teste t de Student, ANOVA e correlação de Pearson. Foi utilizado alfa = 0,05. RESULTADOS: Grupo L-carnitina: idade = 3,82 anos, 72,7% (p = 0,033) menores de 2 anos e do sexo feminino, e 90,9% (p = 0,001) em classe funcional III e IV. Não ocorreram óbitos no período. Não houve diferença no percentil de peso inicial (31,2±8,74 vs. 19,6±21,2) (p = 0,29) nem no índice z (-0,68±1,05 vs. -1,16±0,89) (p = 0,24). Ocorreu aumento do percentil (p = 0,026) e do índice z (p = 0,033) após a L-carnitina. Não houve diferença na fração de ejeção na apresentação (54,9%±3,8 vs. 49,3%±6,6) (p = 0,19), porém a massa VE/SC foi superior no grupo L-carnitina (169,12 g/m²±26,24 vs. 110,67 g/m²±15,62) (p = 0,0005). Após a L-carnitina, a ANOVA demonstrou aumento da fração de ejeção (48,3±7 para 67,2±7) (p = 0,044), e a massa do VE/SC foi reduzida (164,29g/m²±28,14 para 110,88g/m²±28,88), porém sem significância estatística (p = 0,089). CONCLUSÃO: Na cardiomiopatia dilatada idiopática na infância, a suplementação com L-carnitina pode auxiliar na recuperação nutricional e na melhora da fração de ejeção, facilitando a reversão do quadro de caquexia e da insuficiência cardíaca.

OBJECTIVES: Malnutrition is an independent predictor of death in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. An analysis was performed of the impact of L-carnitine supplementation on the nutritional status and echocardiogram parameters of children with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. METHODS: This was an open label cohort of 11 patients who received L-carnitine (100 mg/kg/day) plus the conventional medical treatment, compared with 40 controls, matched for gender and age. The L-carnitine group was weighed 118 times and the controls 264 times. Additionally, the L-carnitine group underwent 65 two-dimensional echocardiograms and the controls 144. Chi-square, Student's t test, Pearson correlation and ANOVA were calculated with alpha = 0.05. RESULTS: For the L-carnitine group: age at presentation = 3.82 years old, 72.7% (p = 0.033) were females younger than 2 years and 90.9% (p = 0.0001) were in functional classes III and IV. There were no deaths during this period. At presentation, no differences were observed in weight percentile (31.2±8.74 vs. 19.6±21.2) (p = 0.29) or z score (-0.68±1.05 vs. -1.16±0.89) (p = 0.24). Increases were observed in both the percentile (p = 0.026) and z score (p = 0.033) after the introduction of L-carnitine. At presentation, there were no differences in ejection fraction (54.9%±3.8 vs. 49.3%±6.6) (p = 0.19), but LV mass/BSA were greater in the L-carnitine group (169.12 g/m²±26.24 vs. 110.67 g/m²±15.62) (p = 0.0005). After the introduction of L-carnitine an increase in ejection fraction (48.3±7 to 67.2±7) (p = 0.044) was observed. LV mass/BSA decreased (164.29g/m²±28.14 to 110.88g/m²±28.88), but without significance (p = 0.089) CONCLUSION: In children with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, supplementation of L-carnitine may be helpful for nutritional and echocardiographic improvement.

OBJETIVO: Determinar a importância da desnutrição como marcadora e preditora do óbito na cardiomiopatia dilatada idiopática na infância. MÉTODOS: Este é um estudo retrospectivo envolvendo 165 pacientes (setembro de 1979 a março de 2003). As variáveis analisadas foram sexo, idade e história de infecção viral nos últimos 3 meses, classe funcional da New York Heart Association (NYHA), percentil e desvio padrão do peso (índice z) e avaliação do estado nutricional. Foram realizadas 744 pesagens nos primeiros 72 meses e 93 no primeiro mês de evolução. Análise estatística: qui-quadrado, teste t de Student e análise de variância. Foram utilizados o valor alfa de 0,05 e o valor beta de 0,80. RESULTADOS: A idade no diagnóstico foi de 2,1±3,2 anos, com maior incidência nos menores de 2 anos (75,8%; IC95 = 68,5-82,1%) (p < 0,0001). A classe funcional III e IV foi observada em 81,2% (IC95 = 74,4-86,9%) (p < 0,0001), tendo todos os 40 óbitos ocorrido neste grupo (p = 0,0008). Na apresentação, a miocardite ocorreu em 39,4% (IC95 = 31,9-47,3%) (p = 0,0001). Houve forte associação entre miocardite e doença viral prévia (p = 0,0005) (RC = 3,15; IC95 = 1,55-6,44). A desnutrição na apresentação não influenciou o óbito (p = 0,10), porém a desnutrição evolutiva foi marcadora de óbito (p = 0,02) (RC = 3,21; IC95 = 1,04-9,95). Não houve diferença significativa no percentil de peso (p = 0,15) ou no índice z (p = 0,14) na apresentação. A média do percentil de peso e do índice z foram superiores nos sobreviventes (34,9+32,6 versus 8,6+16,0 e -0,62+1,43 versus -2,02+1,12) (p < 0,0001). A análise de variância demonstrou diferença significativa na evolução para o percentil de peso (p = 0,0417) e para o índice z (p = 0,0005) desde o primeiro mês de evolução. CONCLUSÃO: A avaliação do estado nutricional é de fácil execução, não implica ônus adicional e deve tornar-se rotina no seguimento do paciente com insuficiência cardíaca crônica.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prognostic value of malnutrition in children with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of 165 patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, diagnosed from September 1979 to March 2003. It analyzed the following variables: gender, age, previous viral illness in the preceding 3 months, functional class according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA), evaluation of nutritional status (normal vs malnutrition), percentile and standard deviation (z index) of weight. Weight was measured 744 times during the first 72 months, 93 during the first month. Statistical analysis was performed by chi-squared, Student t test and analysis of variance for repeated measures (ANOVA). Ninety-five percent confidence intervals (CI95) and odds ratios (OR) were calculated. An alpha value of 0.05 and beta of 0.80 were used. RESULTS: Mean age at presentation was 2.2±3.2 years with higher incidence in those younger than 2 years (75.8%-CI95 = 68.5% to 82.1%) (p < 0.0001). NYHA classes III and IV were observed in 81.2% (CI95 = 74.4% to 86.9%) (p < 0.0001) and all 40 deaths were this group (p = 0.0008). At presentation, myocarditis occurred in 39.4% (CI95 = 31.9% to 47.3%) (p = 0.0001) and a high level of association between myocarditis and previous viral illness was observed (p = 0.0005) (OR = 3.15-CI95 = 1.55 to 6.44). Malnutrition at presentation did not influence death (p= 0.10), however progressive malnutrition was a marker for death (p = 0.02) (OR = 3.21-CI95 = 1.04 to 9.95). No significant differences weight percentiles (p = 0.15) or in z scores (p = 0.14) were observed. Observed mean weight percentiles (34.9+32.6 vs 8.6+16.0) (p < 0.0001) and z scores (-0.62+1.43 vs -2.02+1.12) (p < 0.0001) during the study period were greater among survivors. ANOVA demonstrated significant differences in weight percentile progression (p = 0.0417) and z scores (p = 0.0005) from the first month onwards. CONCLUSION: The evaluation of nutritional status. is easy to performer, it does not imply additional costs and should become routine for children with chronic heart failure.

OBJETIVOS: Analisar o valor prognóstico da cardiomegalia, da congestão pulmonar e do índice cardiotorácico como marcadores de óbito e sobrevida em crianças com cardiomiopatia dilatada. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de 152 pacientes entre setembro de 1979 e março de 2003. Foram realizados 722 exames nos primeiros 72 meses e 100 nos primeiros 15 dias de evolução. Análise estatística: qui-quadrado, teste t de Student, análise de variância para medidas repetidas e método de Kaplan-Meier. Foram utilizados os valores alfa = 0,05 e beta = 0,80. RESULTADOS: Idade no diagnóstico de 2,2±3,2 anos. Incidência maior nos menores de 2 anos (76,3%; IC 95% = 68,7% a 82,8%) (p < 0,0001). Sexo (p = 0,07) e etnia (p = 0,11) não foram significantes, e a mortalidade não foi influenciada pela faixa etária (p = 0,73), sexo (p = 0,78) e etnia (p = 0,20). A maioria dos pacientes (84,2%; IC 95% = 77,4% a 89,6%) era grave, classe funcional III e IV (p < 0,0001), e todos os 43 óbitos ocorreram neste grupo (p = 0,0008). Cardiomegalia inicial foi observada em 94,1% (IC 95% = 89,1% a 97,2%) (p < 0,0001) e congestão pulmonar em 75,6% (IC 95% = 68,0% a 82,2%)(p < 0,0001), sendo mais freqüente na classe funcional III/IV (RC = 8,03; IC 95% = 2,85% a 23,1%)(p < 0,0001). A congestão pulmonar foi marcadora de óbito (RC = 3,16; IC 95 %= 1,06% a 10,07) (p = 0,0222), o mesmo não ocorrendo com a cardiomegalia (p = 0,1185). A sobrevida foi influenciada pela cardiomegalia (p = 0,0189) e pela congestão pulmonar (p = 0,0050). O índice cardiotorácico máximo e médio foram superiores no grupo óbito (0,749+0,053 versus 0,662+0,080) (p < 0,0001) e (0,716+0,059 versus 0,620+0,085) (p < 0,0001). A análise de variância demonstrou diminuição progressiva do índice cardiotorácico no grupo que sobreviveu (p < 0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: Em crianças com diagnóstico de cardiomiopatia dilatada Idiopática, a presença de congestão pulmonar no exame inicial e o aumento do índice cardiotorácico, são achados associados a menor sobrevida.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prognostic value of cardiomegaly, pulmonary congestion and cardiothoracic ratio as indicators of death and survival in children with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective review of 152 patients with IDCM diagnosed between September 1979 and March 2003. In the first 72 months, 722 exams were performed (100 in the first 15 days). Statistical analysis: chi-square, Student's t test, ANOVA and Kaplan-Meier curves. Alpha = 0.05; beta = 0.80. RESULTS: The mean age at presentation was 2.2±3.2 years. ICDM incidence was higher in children younger than 2 years (76.3% - 95% CI = 68.7% to 82.8%) (p < 0.0001). Sex (p = 0.07) and color (p = 0.11) were not significant and mortality was not influenced by age (p = 0.73), sex (p = 0.78) or color (p = 0.20). Most patients were severely ill (84.2% - 95% CI = 77.4% to 89.6%; functional class III and IV; p < 0.0001). All 43 deaths occurred in this group (p = 0.0008). Cardiomegaly at presentation was observed in 94.1% (95% CI = 89.1% to 97.2%) (p < 0.0001), and pulmonary congestion in 75.6% (95% CI = 68.0% to 82.2%) (p < 0.0001). Pulmonary congestion and cardiomegaly were more frequent in functional class III/IV patients (RC = 8.03 - 95% CI = 2.85% to 23.1%) (p < 0.0001). Pulmonary congestion was a marker of death (RC = 3.16 - 95% CI = 1.06% to 10.07) (p = 0.0222), but not cardiomegaly (p = 0.1185). Survival was influenced by both cardiomegaly (p = 0.0189) and pulmonary congestion (p = 0.0050). Mean and maximum cardiothoracic ratio were higher in the death group (0.749±0.053 vs. 0.662±0.080) (p < 0.0001) and (0.716±0.059 vs. 0.620±0.085) (p < 0.0001). ANOVA revealed a progressive decrease in cardiothoracic ratio in the survival group (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: In children with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, the presence of pulmonary congestion at presentation and increased cardiothoracic ratio are associated with poor survival.